A Rhythmic History of Hip-Hop Essay -- Hip Hop Music Beat Essays

A Rhythmic History of Hip-Hop Hip-hop, which originally began more than 20 years ago, has undergone many changes during its lifetime. The music has always remained centered in urban landscapes, with most performers of the music rising up from the inner-city neighborhoods. Throughout its history, hip-hop has centered on the rhythm of the beat rather than the melody, which shows the connection between modern hip-hop and traditional African tribal music, often featuring complex polyrhythms and little to no melody. Hip-hop has also featured heavy bass sounds through out its history, with the rhythms hitting the second and fourth beat of each measure hard with either a heavy bass drum or a bass guitar. Hip-hop beats have evolved in many different ways throughout their twenty-year history, yet they are all centered around rhythm and feature heavy, syncopated bass. For my field report, I chose to compose a number of different hip-hop beats, each one emulating a different style of beat from the history of hip-hop. I composed five different beats. The first is an emulation of a beat from the mid-eighties, the second is based on a gangster rap beat from the west coast during the early nineties, the third is based on a beat from New York City during the early nineties, the fourth based on a beat from the south during the late nineties, and the fifth is based on a beat from New York City during the late nineties. For two of the beats I used samples, which is a common practice in the construction of hip-hop beats. The other beats are all originals, yet they are not as long in length as those that contain samples. The first beat is one that is based on the song . South Bronx. by Boogie Down Productions, which was released in 198... ...t, and it does have a sad and reflective tone to it. My song features a sample from the song "Ballad of the Thin Man" by Bob Dylan. The beat is still repetitive, which has proven to be the one constant between all the beats that I chose to emulate. Most of my beats succeeded in trying to capture the feeling of a different time and a different area in music. As is evident by the difference in the beats that came out of New York, Los Angeles, and the South, whatever area the beat comes from has an influence on how those beats will sound. The time from which a beat came also has an influence on how it sounds, with the old school beats sounding quite different from the modern beats. While hip-hop beats have progressed and changed over time, there have also been constants, such as repetition and rhythmic complexity, that remain as similarities between all the beats.

Denis McDonough

â€Å"What Barack has said is that we can begin withdrawing our troops immediately, and he believes that we can do it at pace of about one to two combat brigades per month. And at that pace, we could get the remaining troops out in about 16 months. This is not an ironclad absolute commitment that at the end of 16 months all of our troops will be out. But he does believe that is the kind of pace that we can do responsibly and safely. † (Interview with NPR, June 2008. ) McDonough has argued for a common-good approach to foreign policy, saying that the U. S. must address problems like global warming and poverty by taking approaches that will benefit other countries as well as the United States. He has spoken in support of a cap-and-trade system and called on the U. S. to make a serious commitment to reducing greenhouse gases. (6) Iraq McDonough opposed the Iraq war from the start and backs Obama’s efforts to withdraw troops slowly from the country, aiming to have all of th em out in about 16 months. He argues that Congress and the president failed to plan for the long-term impact of the Iraq war. He would like Obama’s administration to craft a thorough proposal that lays out what the U. S. ’s specific role will be in Iraq over the next ten years. (7) Intelligence Oversight While at the Center for American Progress, McDonough lobbied for reform of Congressional oversight of intelligence. He argued that Congress must pursue vigorous oversight of the 17 agencies because they operate in such secrecy, ensuring that the intelligence community is behaving constitutionally and lawfully while pursuing their aims effectively. (8) Samantha Power. Q: Though some analysts see U. S. foreign policy woes as a recent phenomenon, you argue that recent foreign policy missteps by current U. S. leaders have exposed and exacerbated long-standing structural and conceptual problems in U. S. foreign policy. Please explain. Power: It is tempting to see Iraq as the source of all our woes now, whereas I see Iraq as the symptom, in some measure, of a number of longstanding trends and defects in American foreign policy. March,6,2008 One example is the US historic predisposition to go it alone. Because we have long undervalued what international institutions have to offer, we believed that we could go into Iraq, and as soon as we declared the mission accomplished, we expected to be able to turn the problem over to others, regardless of how they had been treated in the run up to the invasion. This thinking is very flawed, but not all that new. In a uni-polar world, the Clinton Administration was able to get away with an instrumental relationship with international institutions, but that is harder with the rise of new powers who are willing to challenge the United States in international bodies. It is also harder now that the Iraq war itself has exposed so many US weaknesses. In addition, we long saw international authorization as a luxury, something good for global public opinion, but not very relevant to US national security. But what we have seen, by revealing our indifference to international legitimacy both in the Iraq war and in the practices carried out in our counter-terrorism efforts – the disavowal of the Geneva conventions, prisoner abuse, extraordinary rendition, etc. is that being seen to thumb our nose at international law actually has profound security ramifications, as more and more people seek to take up arms against U. S. citizens and interests. Another longstanding foreign policy flaw is the degree to which special interests dictate the way in which the ‘national interest' as a whole is defined and pursued. Look at the degree to which Halliburton and several of the private security and contracting firms invested in the 2004 political campaigns and received very lucrative contracts in the aftermath of the U. S. takeover of Iraq. Also, America's important historic relationship with Israel has often led foreign policy decision-makers to defer reflexively to Israeli security assessments, and to replicate Israeli tactics, which, as the war in Lebanon last summer demonstrated, can turn out to be counter-productive. So greater regard for international institutions along with less automatic deference to special interests – especially when it comes to matters of life and death and war and peace – seem to be two take-aways from the war in Iraq. Q: Elaborate on your differentiation between ‘power' and ‘influence' as accurate metrics for conceptualizing effective foreign policy. Power: I think that most of us, in a knee-jerk way, tend to conflate power with ‘hard power' – with economic and military power. At the Kennedy School, Joe Nye gave us the concept of ‘soft power' as another component of power. Building on Nye's concept, we would be wise in the 21st century to measure our power by our influence. Influence is best measured not only by military hardware and GDP, but also by other people's perceptions that we, the United States, are using our power legitimately. That belief – that we are acting in the interests of the global commons and in accordance with the rule of law – is what the military would call a ‘force multiplier. ‘ It enhances the U. S. ability to get what it wants from other countries and other players. The third component of influence – along with traditional hard power and legitimacy – is people's perception that we know what we are doing, that we are competent. Here, one cannot overstate the devastating one-two punch of Iraq and Katrina in undermining the global public's and the American people's faith that the U. S. is a competent prosecutor of its own objectives. Even if you disagreed with the Bush administration's decision to go to war, and thought it would do more harm than good, many people assumed that this administration, in pursuing this war, would at least know what it was doing. Whatever its objectives were – again, objectives many of us found suspect or insufficient to warrant the use of military force – we expected this group of experienced professionals to pursue those aims competently, to prepare properly, and to bring adequate resources to bear. We all know now that experience does not translate into competence. The war in Iraq has thus undermined our hard power by overstretching our military and sending us into deficit. It has undermined our perceived legitimacy because we've ignored the will of the international community and committed grave acts of torture, crimes against humanity, and other terrible sins in the conduct of the war itself. But, crucially, as my colleague Steve Walt has put it, we also no longer look like the country that put the man on the moon. Nor does the rest of the world see us, currently, as the country that liberated Europe from two world wars, that devised the Marshall Plan, that helped bring down the Wall. As a result, our ability to get what we want – whether we're talking about ending Iran‘s nuclear enrichment program, halting genocide in Darfur, reforming the UN, or even securing international buy-in for the effort to stabilize Iraq – our influence has eroded such that we are unable to actually achieve our policy objectives Q: You see the U. S. as being more isolated today than it has ever been. Though there have always been ‘America-firsters' among policy makers, why do you think this is especially dangerous now? Power: Traditionally, American isolationism comes about in spurts as the result of very vocal domestic constituencies who believe that engagement with the rest of the world is bad for U. S. interests. Although today there are some in this country who would like to see the United States ‘come home' after its bungled misadventures abroad, most Americans understand that the nature of the global marketplace, as well as the global threats, make this impossible. Yet we are in a period of relative isolation – one that stems less from ascendant Copperhead isolationism at home and more from the way other countries calculate their interests as they relate to the United States. So, in a sense, those countries are retreating from the United States, rather than the United States retreating from them. It's the reverse of what we have seen in the past. What you have are a number of countries -even those with which the United States has long been aligned – who believe that a very close association between themselves and the Bush administration undermines their internal domestic standing. So we see longstanding allies of the United States pushing back against Washington, asserting independent views on everything from global warming and international justice to troubled war zones like Afghanistan, where the U. S. desperately needs the support of its western partners in attempting to stabilize that country. So we are the recipients of isolationism now, you might say, rather than the crafters of it. Q: The focus in discussions of U. S. foreign policy is often on the executive branch, but you place great responsibility on Congress and journalists, and even the public, in relation to U. S. foreign policy. Why? Power: The longstanding habit of governments is to pursue their national interests – to pursue their economic and security interests. That is what governments are for. That is what states are for. The only occasions in which regard for human rights and human consequences are injected into foreign policymaking historically are occasions when the Congress has in sisted upon it or when the press has either shamed the Congress or shamed the Executive Branch into entertaining a broader set of interests which include regard for human consequences abroad. The reason this becomes especially important in the 21st century – in an era of asymmetric threats- is because our systematic neglect of human rights in the formulation of our foreign policy over the years has engendered great resentment. Our abuses in the conduct of the so-called ‘war on terror,' too, have enhanced terrorist recruitment, fueled vitriolic anti-Americanism and, arguably, made it more difficult for us to summon resources from other countries to deal with threats. Human rights abuses have supplied oxygen to the minority of those who hold the United States in such contempt that they want to take matters into their own hands and kill Americans. It's very important, for our national security in the long term, and of course on principle, that human consequences be integrated into our foreign policy, but it's very unlikely historically that this will be done in a top-down fashion. So if the American people or particular constituencies care about particular issues – say Afghanistan, Guantanamo, or Darfur – unless they actually give voice to that concern, whether for its own sake or because they believe that those crises will come back and haunt the United States if they are not dealt with, the only way that the public is going to see their interests in those issues internalized by senior policy makers is if they make it vocally and painfully clear to policy makers that there is a strong domestic political constituency for a change in course. Q: You posit that both the self-image and global image of the U. S. have eroded. How can the U. S. again be seen as a force for good in the world? Power: It's probably going to be a long and windy road to rehabilitation. A crucial step for the United States is to really begin to think in terms of ‘do no harm' and actually ending some of the more egregious aspects of its approach to counter-terrorism. First, in the ‘do no harm' camp: end the practice of extraordinary rendition, where US agents willfully ship terrorist suspects in our custody to countries that we know torture, for the explicit purpose of evading domestic checks on US abuse. Second in the ‘do no harm' camp: close Guantanamo and actually channel its prisoners through internationally respected legal processes. And third, restore habeus corpus to those detainees who are in US custody. To strip a group of individuals – no matter what blood some number of them have on their hands – of the most fundamental constitutional rights sends a signal to the rest of the world that there are two sets of human rights that we believe in: one robust set that Americans get to enjoy, and another much diminished set that those perceived as hostile to us get to enjoy. There are also two sets of individuals – ‘tortureables' and ‘untorturables. ‘ So a first step in our rehabilitation is to rid our conduct of these colossal blemishes on the American character. The second is embedding U. S. antipoverty, anti-disease and democratization policy initiatives within international institutions as part of a grand vision of what the United States actually does stand for – which is trying to ensure that people enjoy the kind of freedom from fear and freedom from want that Franklin Roosevelt promised Americans many years ago. The burden of actually making people secure in their homes is far too steep a burden for one country to handle. We must articulate a vision for human security and then channel US resources through international institutions, which themselves must become more rigorous and accountable. This will over time enhance US standing, but more importantly, it will force other countries – who have delighted in Bush's misfortunes but put little on the line themselves to patrol the global commons – to pick up the slack. Introduction Sen. Barack Obama's (D-IL) foreign policy agenda has emphasized multilateralism and reinvigorated diplomacy to advance U. S. interests. He has pledged to take steps to end the war in Iraq soon after taking office, to negotiate with the leadership of U. S. adversaries like Iran and Cuba, and to revamp the U. S. approach to free trade to bolster labor and environmental protections. Obama has attracted as advisers a number of top foreign policy experts who served under President Bill Clinton. Those advisers tend to be more independent from party orthodoxy on foreign policy issues, analysts say. Obama's top advisers were opposed to the U. S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, although a number of prominent Democrats, including rival Sen. Hillary Clinton (D-NY), supported the action at the time. Obama's advisers generally appear to agree with his belief that it is â€Å"important for the United States not just to talk to its friends but also to talk to its enemies. A New Foreign Policy Vision Obama was elected to the Senate in 2005 and serves on the Foreign Relations Committee. Prior to that, his professional experience was primarily confined to Illinois, where he served as a state legislator representing a Chicago district, and before that, a community activist. He has cited his personal background-his Kenyan-born father and a youth spent in Indonesia-as crucial to the development of his world view. Like other presidential campaigns, Obama's draws on a long list of advisers on foreign policy matters. The most senior include several ranking Clinton administration officials, the Brookings Institution's Susan E. Rice, former National Security Adviser Anthony Lake, and former Navy Secretary Richard Danzig. This is a team that's very reflective of Obama, who has made it pretty clear in his speeches and statements during the campaign that he believes that diplomacy has been undervalued over the past few years and that the United States shouldn't fear to negotiate,† says Derek Chollet, a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security who advised Jo hn Edwards' presidential campaign. If Obama wins the general election in November, his foreign policy and economic agendas will surely break with the legacies of the Bush administration, experts say. Whether it's our approach to torture, or climate change, or how we're dealing with Iran, to Iraq, to the Middle East peace process you're going to see significant changes,† says Chollet, who is not connected to the Obama campaign. Obama advocates a market-based cap-and-trade system to reduce carbon emissions, and has said the United States should invest $150 billion over ten years to advance clean-energy technology. Obama has also been an outspoken critic of the Iraq war, which he opposed from its outset in 2002. He has said he will withdraw troops from Iraq and refocus U. S. military efforts against al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan. National Security Advisers Obama has stressed his commitment to winning the battle against Taliban forces in Afghanistan. He has also vowed that he would pursue al-Qaeda elements into Pakistan, with or without government permission, if he had strong intelligence the group was planning an attack on the United States. Obama's leading national security advisers include: Denis McDonough , senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, is the national security coordinator for Obama's campaign. McDonough was foreign policy adviser to former Senate Democratic Leader Tom Daschle. McDonough has been outspoken on energy and environmental policy. In June 2007, McDonough urged the Group of Eight (G8) to take action to combat climate change, and warned that current levels of development assistance are â€Å"woefully insufficient† to help underdeveloped nations deal with climate change. McDonough has also said that the United States should do more to â€Å"promote the development of our domestic clean energy sector industry. † McDonough said on a Brookings Institution panel in May 2007 that it is â€Å"far past time† for the United States to institute a cap-and-trade system mandating â€Å"very aggressive reductions† in greenhouse gases, with the goal of an 80 percent reduction over 1990 levels by 2050

Driving Practice Makes Perfect

Driving Practice Makes Perfect? Five years ago I decided to get my driving license: I enrolled on a course at a driving school, spent two months learning the traffic rules and a month driving, passed my driving test and in less than a month got into a car accident. It was not exactly my fault, but I was definitely not experienced enough to maneuver successfully in a busy rush hour traffic. Could this accident have been prevented? For sure. The easiest way to ensure road safety is to teach young drivers something more than a superficial idea of what driving is. A safety driving education course must provide an opportunity to drive with an instructor for not less than a year. On the one hand, this will ensure learners get enough support from the instructor who can reveal certain secrets of driving. On the other hand, they will get a wonderful opportunity to practice driving in different weather conditions, which is crucial if we consider the fact that more than a half accidents happen due to rain, snow or ice. Moreover, such a course usually includes intensive practice on a training ground, when a learner can see what happens to a car in case of emergency braking, try controlled skidding and get the idea of the differences in rear and front steering. This means that in real life he or she will react faster and is likely to avoid the accident. In addition, a large part of any safety driving course is devoted to the safety measures that any driver must observe. So, one can watch the documentaries on why it is of utmost importance to use safety belts, child seats and hands-free mobile devices. Having seen the consequences of violating the safety rules, young drivers are sure to become more responsible. In my opinion, a safe driving education course is a simple, yet effective and reliable method to reduce the number of car accidents, which all young drivers are likely to benefit from.

Database Design Essay examples - 1204 Words

Database Environment Brandon Smith DBM/380 10-8-2012 Kenneth Hoskins Database Environment â€Å"A database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. In order for a database to be truly functional, it must not only store large amounts of record, but also be able to access those records fast and efficiently. In addition, new information and changes should also be easy to input.† (tech-faq.com) To be useful over a long term the database should be able to store all the records necessary for the business to function as well as be able to get all of this information back in case of a system failure or a crash. If all the information is loss a business could go bankrupt so the database is a fail†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Imagine a person on a desktop computer who uses Microsoft Access to load up a list of personal addresses and phone numbers that he or she has saved in MS Windows â€Å"My Documents† folder. This is an example of a one-tier database architecture† (Windowsecutity.com) â€Å"A two tier c lient/server architecture is one in which a user interacts through a Graphical User Interface to communicate with the database server across a network via Structured Query Langauage.† (Windowsecurity.com) Last is an N-Tier Clinet/Server Architecutre. â€Å"Most n-tier database architectures exist in a three-tier configuration. In this architecture the client server model expands to include a middle tier (business tier) which is an application server that houses the business logic. This middle tier relieves the client application and the database server of some of their processing duties by translating client calls into database queries and translating data from the database into client data in return.† (windowsecurity.com) The one tier is best suited for single users that have a small amount of information to store. It will run on the machine the user is using and will store it on the machines (computer, tablet, cellphone, ect) and has to use a physical resource to access and process this information. If you have multiply users and a small scale of applications you would use the two tier client/server architecture. This would be an example of anyone that uses theShow MoreRelatedThe Development And Design Of A Database1429 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT The use of agile in database development has grown over the years with the goal of improving the quality of the final product. This, however, has not always been the case. The development and design of a database doesn’t follow simple or single approach; it connects multiple processes and individuals who collectively play key roles in the process. In some instances, database development using agile methods engage in rushed deployments, neglecting the importance of testing. 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The Theory Of Economics As A Science - 1182 Words

The economy born since the man realizes that he cannot get everything he wants. The economists analyse the economic problems as it happens, without adding their feelings, thoughts or them owns assumptions. Economics is based essentially in scarcity, if there is not shortage there would be no need of Economics as a science. As there are limited resources choices have to be made in order to allocate resources and factor of productions. According to Anderton (2008:30) when this allocation happens, results in the origin of the different economics as complex networks made up of institutions, organizations and individuals which determine what, how and for whom to produce. Two of these are: The Command economy where the factors of productions rests in the government hands (Gillespie, 2014: 8). Whereas in the Free-market economy there are few or non-government restrictions and hardly any control on the trade between individuals and companies. (Mankiw Taylor, 2011:9). 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Compare and contrast the ways in which Dickens and Hardy use superstitious beliefs and supernatural elements to present Essay Example For Students

Compare and contrast the ways in which Dickens and Hardy use superstitious beliefs and supernatural elements to present Essay Both of the short stories revolve around the supernatural and superstitious. Dickens and Hardy use these themes to help perceive and advance our understanding of the main characters and stimulate interest in the locations. They also these techniques to bring out the social settings and the local environments, portraying them in such a way that the reader feels as though they knows the places. They are also used to add to the setting and to help personify emotions and feelings of certain characters. The characters of the story help influence the supernatural feel of each. In The Signalman there are two main characters, the narrator and the signalman. We know very little about the narrator as we are told little about him or his background, just his thoughts and feelings at the time, although this does create an air of mystery and suspense around him. The signalman is very supernatural in himself. Adjectives such as dark are repeated and also the narrators thoughts project the supernatural to the reader there was something remarkable in his manner of doing so, though I could not have said for my life what. In The Withered Arm there are once again two main characters but there are many minor characters. Rhoda Brook is introduced to us as A lorn milkmaid and a thin fading woman of thirty from these you can gather her general appearance as a frail ageing woman. She is also isolated somewhat apart from the rest but unlike the signalman who is forcefully isolated she chooses to be. There is also Gertrude Lodge the farmers wife. She is much the opposite of Rhoda, in appearance at least. The gossiping milkmaids describe her as rosy-cheeked titsy-totsy little body in the first paragraph, as a rumour. But when her son in law sees her she is described as having a face as comely as a dolls. Over the years though Gertrude changes considerably into an irritable, superstitious woman, whose whole time was given to experimenting upon her ailment with every quack remedy she came across Rhoda and Gertrudes relationship changes considerably through the play. At the start Rhoda feels great jealousy towards the woman who is her replacement for Farmer Lodge. In her dream she sees her as a figure with features shockingly distorted and wrinkled as by age But then, the day after Rhoda is hampered by guilt and cannot help feeling overwhelmed by the kindness of Gertrude bringing her son new boots. She wishes she could give the innocent young thing her blessing and not her curse. Slowly the two women appear to fade apart and the climax of this is that Gertrude uses Rhodas son to try and cure her ailment. Rhoda sees this and knocks her unconscious her feelings being shown by This is the meaning of what Satan showed me in the vision! You are like her at last. The talk of Satan adds to the supernatural and hellish feel and conveys the emotion and deep hatred Rhoda is feeling towards Gertrude. In the two stories setting is very important in adding to the supernatural atmosphere of the stories. In The Signalman the setting is very dark and confining, vocabulary such as barbarous, depressing, forbidding, crooked, all further involve the theme of the supernatural within the piece, adding to the isolated, ill feel of the piece. Emphasis is put on the supernatural from these adjectives being used frequently, the repetition of the word dark also helps convey the supernatural theme. In context, the railway cutting as an alien location for the Victorians at that time, as it was so new to them due to the industrial revolution having barely started so these things were not very common, it is a perfect setting for the supernatural and seems very hellish. .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336 , .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336 .postImageUrl , .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336 , .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336:hover , .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336:visited , .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336:active { border:0!important; } .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336:active , .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336 .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua2552fa4d63758624055a0e61968e336:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The artfulness of courtship as displayed in three pieces of pre-twentieth century literature and Trainspotting EssayYet in The Withered Arm, within the first chapter, it is in the countryside and the place has an idyllic feel, with the eighty-cow dairy twilight; a place that represents an old farm, with the sun setting in the background, is the picture made in the readers head. There is very little supernatural in the setting as the place is so ideal. It greatly contrasts with the dark, isolated home of the signalman. There is also a hint of realism within Hardys story as the place is based on his old Wessex, this gives us a sense of location and a overall feel for the pla ce. The only place where there is a hint of supernatural is the walk to Conjuror Trendle. The bad weather adds to the supernatural as there are thick clouds made the atmosphere dark, although it is only afternoon. the wind howled dismally these bad weather descriptions adding to the supernatural elements in around the place of Conjuror Trendle. It also resembles the feelings of Gertrude and Rhoda, they are both depressed and anxious and the howling wind and dark clouds show this, also the atmosphere is very hostile, tense and desperate to cure the womans impediment. Also in Dorset culture there is a lot of superstition that already exists so this adds to the superstitious feel of the setting. The two authors, Hardy and Dickens, use different techniques and styles to help convey the supernatural within the two short stories. In The Signalman there is a third person narrator. Both authors open with dialogue, although in Dickens The Signalman Dickens creates suspense by not informing the reader of what has happened so far and making them want to read on and find out about the characters involved. Whereas in The Withered Arm the reader is informed through the dialogue of what has happened so far. Another difference is that Dickens uses rhetorical questions and brackets. These further explain the plot and engage the reader further into the story. We are first introduced to the supernatural in The Withered Arm from Rhoda Brooks dream. She already had an idea of what the woman looked like as she had sent her son out as a scout. She is full of jealousy for the woman who has taken her former lover away. In the dream Hardy uses plenty of punctuation to speed up the piece and increase the frantic nature of Rhoda Gasping for breath, Rhoda, In a last desperate effort, swung out her right hand Hardys heavy use of commas increases the pace. In her dream she is being attacked by Gertrude, she grabs her arm and flings her to the floor before waking greatly disturbed. This does not appear to be supernatural until Gertrude comes over in the morning and shows Rhoda her arm, where there is discoloration that Rhoda fancied that she discerned in them the shape of her own four fingers. The Signalman is much more inclined to the supernatural, as we know very little about the narrator this adds to the mystery of the piece. Also the phrase Halloa! Below there! is heavily doused in the supernatural. These being the words that introduce you to the story but also the words recited by the ghost who warned him of the accident that would happen in the near future, and also by the train driver as he alerted the signalman of the speeding train towards him. The role of coincidence also features in both pieces although it is a lot more apparent The Withered Arm. For example the discoloration on Gertrudes arm that Rhoda fancied that she discerned in them the shape of her own four fingers, this could be highly coincidental as Rhoda may be imagining the fact the marks and her mind may be playing tricks on her. The theme of the supernatural is very apparent in both stories and used similarly by both authors although many different techniques are used. Although in The Withered Arm the supernatural is a lot more apparent to the reader, whereas in The Signalman there is more of an underlying tone, which can be picked out and interpreted in the way the reader wishes.

The concept of management

Introduction Management is the concept of running an organization along with the available resources into the achievement of stakeholders’ objectives. The concept involves various aspects of leadership like effective communication and risk management as the means to improve on the operations (Albrecht, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The concept of management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Managers are required to bring together skills and match them to tasks in order to enhance innovations. To accomplish this, information is central since decisions have to be made at each level of management (Muller, 2011). To evaluate the effects of management on information technology and the impact of apt information on leadership, Wal-Mart Company has been considered in this paper. Innovation refers to the ability to review the current situation and come up with more advanced methods of carrying out task s. In the information section, a company might improve the communication facilities, direct information through the right channels and choose audiences wisely. However, if this is not done right, the organization faces problems with stakeholders due to communication breakdown, deprived product quality, and inefficient leadership styles. This paper assesses the concept of management with respect to information technology aspects and discusses the impact of failed leadership in an organization. Discussion Management is a difficult process due to skill variations thereby posing problems of self-interests. This occurs also in a company’s departmental setting where managers might fail to implement an effective information technology due to personal bias. The issues of concern are based on the effectiveness of information held by managers for decision-making, as a quality measure (Muller, 2011). The problem arises when information does not get into the management system aptly and w ith the required level of accuracy. This may be caused by inadequate control procedures in data collection and transmission. Wal-Mart’s department of information technology has an integrated online platform that hoards customer responses over the internet (Information Systems, 2013). This technology may be viewed effective due to timeliness of information, but it lacks the natural feel of clients, which is vital in the branding process. The company may acquire information on a timely basis hence quick policy formulation characterized by an immediate customer reaction assessment. However, this process is negated by insufficient market evaluations to determine the value of products to the real worth in attaining organizational goals. Wal-Mart Company is thought to have a leading information technology innovation worldwide due to market leadership abilities and stretched market (Information Systems, 2013). The company, however, has significant challenges that neutralize the bene fits of innovative abilities causing a fall in online sales. Resulted by failed managerial skills, the company has made little progress in maintaining the online platform.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has challenged the company’s ability to improve online services through qualitative operations taking account the interests of every stakeholder (Shane, 2009). Failed communication strategy obstructs the sufficiency of market research; customer needs appraisal, along with the need to make sound decisions. Organizations with several departments require integrating their information technologies as a means to enhance communication in the setting for sound policymaking (Calley, 2010). The executive body is mandated to minimize risks that could threaten the operations of a company through effective policymaking and implementation (Sehgal, 2010). On that note, re liable information is central to ensuring this is attained. This is because information forms the basis for innovative ideologies that increase the options available to decision makers. Planning gives an organization the way forward in utilizing its resources for the promotion of set objectives. Information technology and innovation are essential in modernizing the activities in an organization like Wal-Mart since such processes enable the management to figure out the customers’ desires (Cecere Chase, 2012). However, the department concerned in Wal-Mart does not keep track of international market needs hence causing internal and external communication issues. Communication breakdown in Wal-Mart Company negate the decision-making procedures leading to ineffective policies that do not solve customers’ problems (Information Systems, 2013). As a result, customers are not satisfied, employees do not get motivated, and the overall outcome is a shortfall in profits. A reduct ion in the company’s net returns leaves it with fewer resources to enforce change. Although this can be resolved, it takes great skills and leadership by concerned agencies that try to match information technology to strategic goals. Management issues in organizational design and administration include the need to identify problems that prevent developmental change as well as the evaluation of corrective measures to take. To manage the company’s information and innovations effectively, Wal-Mart executive body should consider seeking the expertise of technologists as a means to enhance quality. This would solve the problem of research where the aim is to improve on customers’ worth. The virtual platform used by Wal-Mart does not solve the problem with customer need satisfaction (Information Systems, 2013). This is because the information technology only offers customers a virtual place to buy goods, but does not allow them to price the tastes of products and serv ices. On that note, customers who fail to buy products online, lose trust in the performance of the company hence are discontented. Thus, instead of the technology solving the company’s customer service issues, it makes the matter complicated.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The concept of management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wal-Mart management adopted the radio-frequency identification technology aimed at improving the supply chain structure. The company is considered to have the best supply chain system globally, but gets criticisms due to wrong selection of execution technology. For instance, the company chose to use RFID technology to enhance product supply and increase research details but failed to analyze the departmental skills to work out the procedure. Therefore, the failed technology resulted to increased costs of operation, in addition to inefficiencies that come along with change management. This makes it hard to accomplish the set goals for both local and multinational corporations. Therefore, customers’ displeasures are extensive due inadequate market research contributed by large market with no effective marketing strategy (Shane, 2009). Wal-Mart information technology department has failed in the implementation of consumer-based programs leading to customer dissatisfaction. Conclusion Information technology is an important facet in the development of sound strategic applications for the advancement of business performance. It is important for a company like Wal-Mart to obtain relevant consumer information in order to manage innovation and product development effectively (Malone, 2013). This thus means that customer satisfaction is the greatest aspect towards healthier business relations (Sehgal, 2010). The company should invest in programs aimed at identifying customer needs along with preferences in order to create quality products. The company should improve the managerial styles used in policy implementation through innovations in customer support services and supply chain system. The incorrect use of information technology can be resolved through proper data review incorporating customers’ demands to suppliers’ needs. This promises a better cost-benefit analysis for the organization thereby matching ideologies to objectives. Thus, new technological devices need to be installed in the company’s functional departments through the help of field experts hence promising elevated efficiencies. Lastly, the company ought to understand every stakeholder’s needs in order to execute sound solutions to problems. This is attainable through effective communication, adequate research, and quality product assurance. References Albrecht, K. (2005). Spychips: How Major Corporations and Government Plan to Track Your Every Move with RFID. New York, NY: Thomas Nelson Inc.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Calley, N. (2010). Program Development in the 21st Century: An Evidence-Based Approach to Design, Implementation, and Evaluation. London, UK: SAGE. Cecere, L., Chase, C. (2012). Bricks Matter: The Role of Supply Chains in Building Market-Driven Differentiation. London, UK: John Wiley Sons. Information Systems. (2013). Retrieved from http://wal-m.blogspot.com/p/information-systems.html Malone, M. (2013). Did Wal-Mart love RFID to Death? Retrieved from https://www.zdnet.com/article/did-wal-mart-love-rfid-to-death/ Muller, H. (2011). The transformational CIO: Leadership and innovation strategies for it executives in a rapidly changing world. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Sehgal, V. (2010). Supply chain as strategic asset: the key to reaching business goals. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Shane, S. (2009). Technology strategy for managers and entrepreneurs. Upper Saddle River NJ: Person Education. 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